Chaco > Wichí
Wichíis a Mataco-Mataguayan language. In Argentina, Wichí is spoken in the provinces of Chaco, Salta and Formosa. In Bolivia, Wichí speakers are located in the department of Tarija, on the border between Bolivia and Argentina. The exact number of speakers is still unknown. Barabás and Bartolomé (1979) pointed out that there might be 12,000 Wichí people in Salta and Formosa altogether, and about 3,200 more in Chaco. García (2002) reports that there are approximately 40,000 Wichí living in Argentina and Bolivia.
A vernacular classification distinguishes between two groups: the phomlheley (lit. the people who live upstream) and the chomlheley (lit. people located downstream), following to the course of the Pilcomayo and Bermejo (Teuco) Rivers.
The Wichí language is a predominantly suffixing language with a marked
tendency to polysynthesis. Core arguments are morphologically coded.
Like other Chaco languages, it distinguishes between inalienable and
alienable possessed nouns. There is a nominal prefix for alienable
possessed nouns which co-occurs with personal possessive prefixes. A
deictic system for referents in view/out of view is apparent in
demonstratives, nouns and verbs. Verbs consist of at least two
morphemes with up to fifteen position classes. The language has a
single paradigm of pronominal prefixes to index both transitive and
intransitive subjects. There is a separate set of suffixes to indicate
the human object. The phonological inventory is quite large, having
simple, glottalized and aspirated stops and sonorants. The number of
vocalic phonemes varies from one region to another, from five to six.
Dialectal varieties of wichí
Native speakers distinguish several dialects. They have reported that some are mutually unintelligible. Published sources mention several dialects of Wichí. So far, four have been recognized. Tovar (1961) differentiated three: Vejoz, spoken in the city of Embarcación (Salta); Guisnay, in eastern Salta (Mosconi, Tartagal, Misión La Paz) and western Formosa (Ramón Lista county); and Noctén in Bolivia. This classification does not offer a complete scenario of the areas where the language is spoken. In particular, it does not account for varieties used in the settlements along the Bermejo (or Teuco) River in Salta (Rivadavia county), Chaco (Nueva Pompeya and El Sauzalito), and Formosa (Pozo del Tigre, Las Lomitas, Bazán, Laguna Yema, Pozo del Mortero and Ingeniero Juárez).
The dialect in central Formosa is more similar to the one spoken in the
settlements located by the Bermejo River in the province of Chaco.
Gerzenstein (1991) and Golluscio (1994 and 1999) have documented this
dialect in Formosa and Chaco, respectively over the past ten years.
Golluscio refers to the dialect of Sauzalito, Chaco, as "the Teuco
dialect," pointing out that this might be a fourth dialectal variety,
not taken into account by Tovar's classification. Our project focuses
on the documentation of the Teuco dialect since it is, technically,
still an undocumented variety. The speakers are seeking help to record
and transcribe data. The area comprises more than sixty communities
distributed between the provinces of Chaco and Formosa.
References
- Barabás, Alicia M. and Miguel Bartolomé (1979). Un testimonio mítico de los mataco. Journal de la Sociéte des Américanistes LXVI:125-131.
- Braunstein, José (1983). Algunos rasgos de la organización social de los indígenas del Gran Chaco. Serie Trabajos de Etnología. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
- García, Miguel A. (2002). Paisajes sonoros de un mundo coherente. Prácticas musicales y religión en la sociedad wichí. Doctoral thesis. Buenos Aires: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Unpublished.
- Gerzenstein, Ana (1991). Una variedad oriental del mataco. In Hacia una Nueva Carta Étnica de Gran Chaco IV. Centro del Hombre Aborigen Chaqueño (CHACO). Formosa. 67-79.
- Golluscio, Lucía (1993). Deixis in Wichí. Paper presented at SSILA (Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas) Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
- Golluscio, Lucía (1999). Clases de sustantivos y sistema cultural: la posesión en wichí. Signo y Seña, 3:221-239. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Lingüística, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
- Kersten, Ludwig (1986). Las tribus indígenas del Gran Chaco hasta fines del siglo XVIII. Una contribución a la etnografía histórica de Sudamérica. Resistencia, Chaco: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste.
- Rodríguez Mir, Javier and José Braunstein (1993-94). Sedentarización y etnicidad. El caso de los Matacos de Las Lomitas (Argentina). Runa XXI: 263-270
- Tovar Llorente, Antonio (1964). El grupo mataco y su relación con otras lenguas de América del Sur. Mexico: XXXV International Congress of Americanists.