Clyde Francks

Publications

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  • Gialluisi, A., Dediu, D., Francks, C., & Fisher, S. E. (2013). Persistence and transmission of recessive deafness and sign language: New insights from village sign languages. European Journal of Human Genetics, 21, 894-896. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.292.
    DOI
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    Abstract

    First paragraph: The study of the transmission of sign languages can give novel insights into the transmission of spoken languages1 and, more generally, into gene–culture coevolution. Over the years, several papers related to the persistence of sign language have been
    reported.2–6 All of these studies have emphasized the role of assortative (non-random) mating by deafness state (ie, a tendency for deaf individuals to partner together) for increasing the frequency of recessive deafness, and hence for the persistence of sign language in a population.

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  • Stephens, S., Hartz, S., Hoft, N., Saccone, N., Corley, R., Hewitt, J., Hopfer, C., Breslau, N., Coon, H., Chen, X., Ducci, F., Dueker, N., Franceschini, N., Frank, J., Han, Y., Hansel, N., Jiang, C., Korhonen, T., Lind, P., Liu, J. and 105 moreStephens, S., Hartz, S., Hoft, N., Saccone, N., Corley, R., Hewitt, J., Hopfer, C., Breslau, N., Coon, H., Chen, X., Ducci, F., Dueker, N., Franceschini, N., Frank, J., Han, Y., Hansel, N., Jiang, C., Korhonen, T., Lind, P., Liu, J., Michel, M., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Shaffer, J., Short, S., Sun, J., Teumer, A., Thompson, J., Vogelzangs, N., Vink, J., Wenzlaff, A., Wheeler, W., Yang, B.-Z., Aggen, S., Balmforth, A., Baumesiter, S., Beaty, T., Benjamin, D., Bergen, A., Broms, U., Cesarini, D., Chatterjee, N., Chen, J., Cheng, Y.-C., Cichon, S., Couper, D., Cucca, F., Dick, D., Foround, T., Furberg, H., Giegling, I., Gillespie, N., Gu, F.,.Hall, A., Hällfors, J., Han, S., Hartmann, A., Heikkilä, K., Hickie, I., Hottenga, J., Jousilahti, P., Kaakinen, M., Kähönen, M., Koellinger, P., Kittner, S., Konte, B., Landi, M.-T., Laatikainen, T., Leppert, M., Levy, S., Mathias, R., McNeil, D., Medlund, S., Montgomery, G., Murray, T., Nauck, M., North, K., Paré, P., Pergadia, M., Ruczinski, I., Salomaa, V., Viikari, J., Willemsen, G., Barnes, K., Boerwinkle, E., Boomsma, D., Caporaso, N., Edenberg, H., Francks, C., Gelernter, J., Grabe, H., Hops, H., Jarvelin, M.-R., Johannesson, M., Kendler, K., Lehtimäki, T., Magnusson, P., Marazita, M., Marchini, J., Mitchell, B., Nöthen, M., Penninx, B., Raitakari, O., Rietschel, M., Rujescu, D., Samani, N., Schwartz, A., Shete, S., Spitz, M., Swan, G., Völzke, H., Veijola, J., Wei, Q., Amos, C., Canon, D., Grucza, R., Hatsukami, D., Heath, A., Johnson, E., Kaprio, J., Madden, P., Martin, N., Stevens, V., Weiss, R., Kraft, P., Bierut, L., & Ehringer, M. (2013). Distinct Loci in the CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 Gene Cluster are Associated with Onset of Regular Smoking. Genetic Epidemiology, 37, 846-859. doi:10.1002/gepi.21760.
    DOI

    Abstract

    Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes (CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4) have been reproducibly associated with nicotine dependence, smoking behaviors, and lung cancer risk. Of the few reports that have focused on early smoking behaviors, association results have been mixed. This meta-analysis examines early smoking phenotypes and SNPs in the gene cluster to determine: (1) whether the most robust association signal in this region (rs16969968) for other smoking behaviors is also associated with early behaviors, and/or (2) if additional statistically independent signals are important in early smoking. We focused on two phenotypes: age of tobacco initiation (AOI) and age of first regular tobacco use (AOS). This study included 56,034 subjects (41 groups) spanning nine countries and evaluated five SNPs including rs1948, rs16969968, rs578776, rs588765, and rs684513. Each dataset was analyzed using a centrally generated script. Meta-analyses were conducted from summary statistics. AOS yielded significant associations with SNPs rs578776 (beta = 0.02, P = 0.004), rs1948 (beta = 0.023, P = 0.018), and rs684513 (beta = 0.032, P = 0.017), indicating protective effects. There were no significant associations for the AOI phenotype. Importantly, rs16969968, the most replicated signal in this region for nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, and cotinine levels, was not associated with AOI (P = 0.59) or AOS (P = 0.92). These results provide important insight into the complexity of smoking behavior phenotypes, and suggest that association signals in the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster affecting early smoking behaviors may be different from those affecting the mature nicotine dependence phenotype

    Additional information

    http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gepi.21760/suppinfo

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